What if the greatest risks of artificial intelligence are not new, but echoes of the past?

In Echoes in the Code, Harvey Castro, MD, MBA delivers a powerful, thought-provoking exploration of AI through the lens of history’s most consequential failures. From the Titanic to financial market collapses, from witch trials to modern algorithmic bias, this book reveals a striking truth: we are not facing entirely new problems—we are repeating old ones at unprecedented speed and scale.

Each chapter pairs a historical disaster with a modern AI parallel, uncovering the hidden patterns that continue to shape decision-making in technology, medicine, finance, and society. Through vivid storytelling and real-world case studies, Dr. Castro translates complex AI risks into clear, unforgettable lessons.

This is not a technical manual. It is a decision-making guide for leaders navigating an AI-driven world.

Inside, you will discover:

• Why overtrusting automation can be more dangerous than failure itself
• How invisible algorithms can shape life-altering outcomes without accountability
• The hidden risks of optimizing the wrong metrics
• Why removing human oversight creates catastrophic blind spots
• How AI can amplify bias, misinformation, and systemic inequality
• What history teaches us about governing powerful technologies before it is too late

Grounded in real events and enriched by frontline clinical experience, Echoes in the Code bridges the gap between innovation and responsibility. It challenges readers to think critically, question assumptions, and reclaim human judgment in an age increasingly defined by machines.

This book is for physicians, executives, policymakers, technologists, and anyone asking a fundamental question:

Are we building systems we control or systems that will one day control us?

The future of AI is not just about what we create.

It is about the decisions we make before it is too late.