Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating vegetables grown in soil with composted botulinum toxin.

Dr. Don - risky ☣️
Professor Ben - not risky 👍🏼

• Composting At Home | US EPA
• Temperature Effects on Botulinum A Toxin.∗ - T. E. Cartwright, Max A. Lauffer, 1958
• Methods and microbial risks associated with composting of animal carcasses in the United States
• Avian botulism - Wikipedia
• Manure contamination with Clostridium botulinum after avian botulism outbreaks: management and potential risk of dissemination - Souillard - 2020 - Veterinary Record - Wiley Online Library
• Clostridium botulinum and Bio‐compost. A Contribution to the Analysis of Potential Health Hazards Caused by Bio‐waste Recycling - Böhnel - 2000 - Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B - Wiley Online Library
• Methods for Health Risk Assessment by Clostridium botulinum in Biocompost | Springer Nature Link
• Overview of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia in soils in France - PMC
• NRT Quick Reference Guide: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) (causes Botulism)
• The Effect of Temperature on Toxin Formation and Toxin Stability of Clostridium Botulinum Type E in Different Environments
• Botulinum Toxin A: Is it Really that Fragile a Molecule? - SHOME - 2010 - Dermatologic Surgery - Wiley Online Library
• Botulism outbreaks in natural environments – an update - PMC
• Schoenoplectus - Wikipedia

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of eating White Castle burgers in a cooler for 12 hours.

Dr. Don - risky ☣️
Professor Ben - risky ☣️

• White Castle (restaurant) - Wikipedia
• Menu | Krystal Restaurants
• Wilson, North Carolina - Wikipedia
• Like a Local: Wilson | Our State
• Conetoe, North Carolina - Wikipedia
• Wendell, North Carolina - Wikipedia
• Wendell Pierce - Wikipedia
• SQFI | SQF Unites 2026
• ComBase Home
• USDA FSIS C. perfringens Risk Assessment Executive Summary
• Incidence of Clostridium perfringens in Commercially Produced Cured Raw Meat Product Mixtures and Behavior in Cooked Products during Chilling and Refrigerated Storage - ScienceDirect
• We tried White Castle from an airport vending machine. It was bleak. - The Washington Post
• Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle - Wikipedia

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating with poopy fingernail hands.

Dr. Don - not risky 👍🏼
Professor Ben - not risky 👍🏼

• A large outbreak of antibiotic-resistant shigellosis at a mass gathering - PubMed
• Rainbow Gathering - Wikipedia